![]() ![]() Thus, the question arises how strongly the negative evaluation in the domain of physical appearance in BDD is accompanied by general feelings of unworthiness and a low self-esteem. Accordingly, persons may have favourable or unfavourable opinions about themselves and self-esteem is an overall evaluation of one’s value. Rosenberg defined self-esteem as one’s positive or negative attitudes towards the self. In general, BDD is associated with low self-esteem. The symptoms frequently lead to marked impairment in social functioning and reduced quality of life. Affected individuals may excessively check their body areas of concern, seek reassurance, camouflage or groom, compare their own physical appearance to that of others, exercise to the point of injury, or even seek cosmetic surgery. The perceived flaws are not observable or only appear minimal to others. Altogether, our findings emphasize the importance of addressing self-esteem and corresponding core beliefs in prevention and treatment of BDD.īody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a preoccupation with perceived appearance defects and repetitive behaviors intended to hide, fix or check them. It appears that negative evaluation in BDD is not limited to appearance but also extends to other domains of the self. The findings demonstrate that low self-esteem is an important hallmark of BDD beyond the influence of depressive symptoms. The sample type (e.g., individuals with BDD, mentally healthy controls, or community samples) and diagnosis of BDD appeared to moderate the relationship only before artifact correction of effect sizes, whereas all moderators were non-significant in the meta-analysis of artifact-corrected correlations. A meta-analysis of partial correlations revealed that depressive symptom severity could partly account for the aforementioned relationship ( pr = −.20, CI = for uncorrected partial correlations, pr = −.23, CI = for artifact-corrected partial correlations). A moderately negative relationship between BDD symptom severity and global self-esteem was found ( r = −.42, CI = for uncorrected correlations, r = −.45, CI = for artifact-corrected correlations). Twenty-five studies with a total of 6278 participants were included. In addition to meta-analysis of the observed effects, we corrected the individual correlations for variance restrictions to address varying ranges of BDD symptom severity across samples. Random effects meta-analysis of Fisher’s z-transformed correlations and partial correlations controlling for the influence of depressive symptom severity was conducted. MethodsĪ keyword-based literature search was performed to identify studies in which BDD symptoms and global self-esteem were assessed. Moreover, the role of depressive symptom severity in this relationship and other moderating factors were investigated. The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine the strength of the cross-sectional relationship between BDD symptom severity and global self-esteem in individuals with BDD, mentally healthy controls, community or student samples, and cosmetic surgery patients. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is associated with low self-esteem.
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